A Brief History of Thymos

What is "spiritedness" and what does it have to do with testosterone?

In my latest book, The Last Men: Liberalism and the Death of Masculinity, I equate the Ancient Greek notion of thymos, often translated as “spiritedness,” with testosterone, the master male hormone. This equation is central to my argument about liberalism as a distinctive hormonal environment; indeed, I think all societies and political systems have uni…